It has been 30 years since Black Monday, the biggest one-day fall in stock market history. What happened and how do today’s markets compare to 1987?
On 19 October 1987, global stock markets came crashing down amid worries about a slowing global economy and high stock valuations. The concerns were compounded by a computer glitch. In the space of 24 hours stock markets in Asia, Europe, and the US suffered falls of up to 23 per cent.
It was the biggest crash in living memory. In the US, the Dow Jones fell 22.6 per cent, destroying the previous record one-day fall of 12.8 per cent set during the Wall Street Crash of 28 October 1929.
However, with the help of central bankers, stock markets recovered. Five years after the event stock markets in the UK, Europe and the US were rising by as much as 15 per cent a year.
What happened?
In October 1987 stock markets were in the midst of a five-year bull-run. The global economy had recovered from the recession and stagnation that had blighted the 1970s. Credit was expanding, house prices were rising and investors were in bullish mood. But things were about to turn sour.
A great storm was on its way to cripple the UK. Appropriately enough, Michael Jackson’s Bad was on the verge of topping the US billboards charts. At the cinema, Fatal Attraction was a box office smash just as investors’ love affair with the stock market, albeit briefly, was about to end.
In the space of 24 hours on 19 October, global stock markets went into freefall. Yet few could put their finger on the exact reasons why.
In the years since, investors have blamed worries surrounding a turn in the fortunes of the global economy and rising inflation. Others have pointed to rumours of an interest rise in the US and political tensions between the US and Iran that were threatening to spill over.
What can’t be argued with is the fact that there was a collective panic across markets. Losses were exacerbated by new computerised trading floors that were ill equipped, at the time, to prevent the collapse from spreading.
It came after a period of sustained gains. Most stock markets in developed countries had been growing at more than 30 per cent a year in the five years up to Black Monday–gains that have not been repeated since. It took valuations to record highs.
As stock markets plunged and investors panicked, central bankers took action–interest rates were cut and the Federal Reserve “encouraged” banks to continue lending to ensure the flow of money wouldn’t dry up.
Those policies worked. In the five years following the crash, stock markets made a strong recovery.
US stock prices grew by 14.7 per cent a year. UK and European stock markets rose at rates of 8 per cent and 7.6 per cent, respectively, while global stock markets as a whole posted annual gains of 6.3 per cent.
The Japanese stock market was the notable exception–a banking crisis left investors facing annual average falls of 7.2 per cent.
What can we learn from it now?
While high stock valuations can contribute to a fall they are not necessarily the catalyst. Valuations in the US, the UK, and Europe are higher now than they were in 1987, yet stock markets continue to hit record highs.
In 1987 there was a more obvious path for investors to take to protect their money. In government bonds they could still find a healthy return as well as the required protection for their investment.
The yields on 10-year government bond yields in developed countries such as Japan, Germany, and the US were as much as 9.9 per cent. In the UK, the figure was 10.1 per cent.
Today, the highest yield, among those countries, is 2.9 per cent for US bonds. In the UK it is 1.28 per cent, while Germany and Japan are closer to zero. The path to protecting your money now is not so obvious.
It is easy to understand why investors might be concerned about investing in stocks now. Stock markets continue to reach new highs and equity valuations are similar now to what they were in 1987. But there is big difference today–the risk-free rate is very different.
What I mean is that the yields on bonds and interest rates in banks, where there are fewer risks to losing your investment, are now very low compared to the dividend yield on the stock market, which is around 4 per cent.
So, where would you put your money? If you don’t have it in stock markets then you’re not paid much for having it in the bank and not paid much for having it in the bond market.
Despite that, I still don’t think too much money is going into stock markets. People are cautious towards stocks because of what happened during the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008. Although it was 10 years ago it still feels like it happened quite recently.
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